I have made a career of studying hope. As a clinical psychologist most of my focus has been on the role of hope in relation to anxiety and depression, or the healing power of hope when confronting a serious illness.
As a result of Barack Obama?s 2008 campaign of ?hope and change? I have increasingly been asked to comment on the role of hope in presidential politics. In 2010, I decided to do some research on hope and the presidency to see what I might learn. I am revisiting the topic in this blog as we approach the 2012 election and Romney pits his own message of ?optimism? and ?change? against that of the president.
The major study conducted by my research team focused on the last ten elected presidents, from Eisenhower to Obama, five Republicans and five Democrats. We wanted to find out how much and what kind of hope these men offered in their first (or only) inaugural address. More recently, we decided to supplement our research by looking at the amount and kind of hope expressed in Mitt Romney?s 2003 inaugural address when he became governor of Massachusetts.
Presidential inaugural speeches were studied years ago by David Winter at the University of Michigan to explore the motives of U.S. presidents (he studied power, achievement, and affiliation). Winter was able to relate the motive profiles of each president to their behavior in office. Could ?hope profiles? yield the same or even higher levels of predictive power?
In my book, Hope in the age of anxiety, I explain that hope is based on four great needs: attachment (trust and openness), mastery (empowerment and purpose), survival (liberation and self-regulation) and spirituality (empowerment, connection, and assurance via a higher power).
Using with this integrative perspective, my research team (Kristen Wallin, Daniel Graham, and Sarah Stevenson) spent six months in 2010 developing a scoring system to measure the levels and kinds of hope contained in a sample of text. In other words, we created scoring rules to identify themes of hopeful mastery, attachment, survival, and spirituality. As part of the process we broke down each of these four dimensions of hope into the following more basic sub-units.
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Mastery
Plans: The president promises successful planning and goal setting.
Collaboration: The president commits to collaborate and/or encourages a spirit of teamwork.
Higher Goals: The president calls for the pursuit of higher goals, ideals or transcendent values.
Attachment
Trust: The president and administration will be trustworthy and honest.
Continued presence: The president promises to be inclusive and engaged with the public.
Openness: The president invites public feedback; the administration will be transparent.
Survival
Protection/liberation: The president promises to protect or liberate.
Resilience: The president notes the resilience of the American people.
Fear reduction: The president uses words to calm the public or assuage fears.
Spirituality
Spiritual inspiration: The president invokes a higher power to empower or justify actions.
Spiritual presence: The president suggests a higher power is continually present.
Spiritual assurance: The president appeals to a higher power for protection of the nation.
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Highlights of 2010 Findings
Obama scored highest in total hope with 32 themes. This was an interesting finding given that we were able to empirically validate Obama?s platform of hope and change via his inaugural speech. Obama also ranked first in mastery hope. This too may have been anticipated given that he was the first African American president of the Harvard Law Review. He also taught constitutional law at the University of Chicago.
Nixon ranked first in attachment. While this may appear ironic to casual observers of the presidency, more in-depth psychological studies of Nixon have unearth the strong role of frustrated attachment needs in his background.
Kennedy ranked highest in themes of survival. Obama ranked second. This is significant because we found that survival was the type of hope most strongly associated with historian?s rankings of presidential greatness. Perhaps this is because some of our greatest presidents have ushered the nation through great crises (e.g. Lincoln or FDR).
GW Bush ranked first in Spiritual hope. This was also not surprising given his documented efforts to ?integrate faith with public policy at the most practical level?, including the establishment of ?faith-based? initiatives?.
We also created ?hope profiles? for each president based on the amount of attachment, mastery, survival, and spiritual content in their speech. These profiles proved to be a good fit with the kind of policy initiatives each president undertook during their time in office.
For example, it was noted that Kennedy had the highest survival score. In particular, he relied on many themes of liberation. In his inaugural address he vowed to ?pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe, in order to assure the survival and success of liberty?. For much of his presidency, Kennedy?s focus was on liberation abroad. In the Bay of Pigs, the intent was the liberation of Cuba. In Vietnam, the aim was to curtail the perceived loss of liberty from spreading Communism. Kennedy, hesitant at first, eventually put his political resources behind the Civil Rights Movement to liberate minorities.
Ronald Reagan ranked 3rd in mastery (he was high in idealism, moderate in both mastery and collaboration). He ranked third in survival, focusing on themes of protection/liberation and resilience. Political observers pay respect to Reagan?s optimistic vision for America. His stress on personal freedom spanned both domestic and foreign policies. He championed a return to ?rugged individualism? and promised to get big government ?off our backs?. He railed against the Soviet ?evil empire?, culminating in his speech on the Berlin Wall, ?Mr. Gorbachev, open this gate! Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall?.
Romney?s Hope Profile
Earlier this month, we repeated our method of having two raters on different ends of the political spectrum score a speech sample. This time we scored Romney?s inaugural address as governor. We explored how Romney?s hope scores would compare with the past ten elected presidents. We also went back to see which of the past nine presidents were most similar to Obama.
Romney?s 20.5 themes of hope put him in 6th place, tied with GWH Bush. His 13 mastery themes put him in 2nd place, right behind Obama. His 3.5 attachment themes put him in the 8th spot. Romney?s 3 survival themes put him in a tie for 8th place with Carter and Johnson. His single spiritual reference would put him in a tie for 5th place. In summary, Romney?s hope profile consists of high mastery, low attachment, low survival, and moderate spirituality.
Obama vs. Romney: Hope for mastery
Romney?s mastery profile (high planning, high collaboration, zero higher goals) is most similar to Clinton. Neither has ever been accused of being an ideologue. Obama?s mastery score (high planning, high collaboration, high higher goals) is most similar to Reagan. Interesting both Obama and Reagan ran on explicit platforms of hope or optimism.
Obama vs. Romney: Hope for attachment
Romney?s attachment score was similar to that of GHW Bush (low to moderate trust). Obama?s was closest to Carter (high trust). Many readers will recall the night that GHW Bush looked at his watch during the presidential debate with Clinton which reinforced the stereotype of an ?out of touch? leader. Carter, despite many criticisms of his policies, has always rated high in integrity in presidential surveys. Romney has been characterized as distant and ?walled off? by fellow Republicans as well as Democrats. Obama began as a community organizer and has been both praised and criticized for his effort to ?reach across the aisle?.
Obama vs. Romney: Hope for survival
Romney?s survival score is most similar to Johnson (low protection, high resilience, zero fear reduction). Obama?s was closest to Kennedy (high protection, high resilience, moderate fear reduction). Johnson?s primary goal was to stay the course after Kennedy?s assassination. Romney?s former business associates have praised his cool, efficient handling of crises. In the final presidential debate, Romney also appeared to endorse a strategy of ?staying the course? in foreign policy. Kennedy came into power at the height of the cold war and fears of encroaching Communism. Obama came into power in the midst of a global recession and two wars against terrorism.
Obama vs. Romney: Hope through spirituality
Source: http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/hope-today/201210/contrasting-profiles-in-hope-obama-vs-romney
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